Bronchiectasis is a disorder of the bronchi, which are the major air passages of the lungs. The condition is characterized by the abnormal and irreversible widening of the bronchi. This dilation impairs the airways ability to clear mucus, leading to persistent and repeated respiratory infections leading to a gradual decline in lung function over time. Despite its significant impact on health, bronchiectasis remains under-recognized and often misdiagnosed.
Risk Factors and causes
Several factors can lead to the onset of bronchiectasis. Recurrent lung infections, including pneumonia or tuberculosis, are common causes. Genetic conditions that impair normal airway function, such as cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia, also put people at risk for developing bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis can also be caused by immune system problems, including bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (a fungal infection-related reaction), and obstructive conditions such as tumours or inhaled foreign objects.
Symptoms
The hallmark symptom of bronchiectasis is a persistent, productive cough with copious volumes of sputum production. Chest pain, wheezing, shortness of breath, and recurring respiratory infections are other symptoms. Additionally, patients may develop weakness, chronic fatigue and weight loss. Lung function and general health may deteriorate with time as a result of the ongoing cycle of infection and inflammation.
Diagnosis
A combination of clinical assessment, sputum analysis, and imaging techniques, such as high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans, are usually used to diagnose bronchiectasis. These scans produce detailed images of the airways and aid in the identification of the characteristic bronchial dilatation.
Treatment and management
The treatment of bronchiectasis relies on infection control, inflammation reduction, and mucus clearing. Antibiotics are routinely used to treat bacterial infections, while inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids can help reduce airway inflammation. Airway clearance procedures, such as chest physiotherapy and mucolytic drugs, are critical for eliminating mucus from the lungs. In severe circumstances, surgical intervention may be required.