Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a dangerous and potentially fatal disorder in which one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot. Typically, these clots form in the deep veins of the legs—a condition known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT)—and travel via the circulation to the lungs.

When a clot lodges in the pulmonary artery, it prevents blood flow to a portion of the lung, lowering oxygen levels and straining the heart.  In severe circumstances, a large or numerous emboli might result in abrupt death.  PE is considered a medical emergency, necessitating immediate diagnosis and treatment.

Causes and Risk Factors

Prolonged immobility (such as during long flights or bed rest), recent surgery (particularly orthopedic surgeries), smoking, obesity, pregnancy, certain genetic clotting abnormalities, and the use of hormone therapy or oral contraception are all common risk factors for PE. Other causes include cancer, which increases clotting risk, and trauma, which can release fat or air into the bloodstream, leading to fat or air embolism. In rare situations, amniotic fluid embolism may occur during childbirth when amniotic fluid enters the maternal bloodstream.

Symptoms

The severity depends on the size of the clot; hence the symptoms of PE can vary depending on the size of the clot and the area of the lung affected. Common symptoms include:

  • Sudden shortness of breath
  • Chest pain
  • Coughing, maybe associated with blood
  • Fast heartbeat
  • Lightheadedness or fainting

In severe cases, patient developed low oxygen levels and low pressures.

Diagnosis

PE is diagnosed using a combination of imaging studies, including a CT pulmonary angiography, and blood testing, such as D-dimer. ECG and Echocardiogram are also preformed to assess the effect on the heart.

Treatment

 Anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drugs are commonly used to prevent future clots. In severe cases, thrombolytics (clot-dissolving medications) or surgical procedures may be required.

Prevention

For high-risk patients, preventative strategies include regular movement during long periods of sitting, compression stockings, water, and anticoagulant therapy.

When diagnosed early, pulmonary embolism is both preventable and treatable.  Awareness of risk factors and symptoms is critical for early intervention and better results.