Acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity reaction caused by the inhalation of Aspergillus fumigatus spores, a prevalent mould in the environment. This condition primarily affects those with asthma or cystic fibrosis. In ABPA, the immune system overreacts to the presence of Aspergillus, causing pulmonary inflammation and allergic responses.
Aspergillus is a fungal genus that thrives in a range of environments, but is most commonly found in dust, soil, and rotting plant debris. Aspergillus spores are widespread and generally safe to breathe for most people, but they can be extremely deadly for those with weakened immune systems or pre-existing lung disorders.
ABPA symptoms include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and, in certain cases, fever. Patients may also develop brownish mucus plugs, which can block the airways and in chronic cases cause bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis is a condition in which the bronchial tubes become permanently enlarged and scarred and occurs due to repeated infections
ABPA is diagnosed using a combination of clinical examination, imaging procedures such as chest X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory testing that detect high levels of Aspergillus-specific antibodies.
ABPA treatment. Corticosteroids are the cornerstone of the treatment of this condition. Oral corticosteroids are given for a duration of 3-6 months typically. In addition, antifungal drugs (Itraconazole or Voriconazole) are prescribed to control Aspergillus infection. Improving respiratory function and preventing lung damage require prompt and efficient therapy. To manage and avoid exacerbations of this chronic illness, routine monitoring and follow-up are required.